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When thinking about aging, gray hair, wrinkles, and forgetfulness are some of the first things that come to mind of many. However, the spectrum of aging symptoms can go beyond these telltale signs. Sarcopenia, or muscle loss, is an age-related condition that is frequently under-recognized among the aging population. This is likely because losing muscle is inevitable in old age due to many factors, such as poor nutrition and a lack of exercise. However, some seniors may experience faster muscle loss than usual. It can be debilitating to their quality of life since they are heavily reliant on extra help from caregivers for a longer time, not to mention having higher susceptibility to develop life-threatening conditions, such as stroke and heart failure. Discover more about sarcopenia and its relationship with heart problems, as well as some practical tips for preventing muscle loss.   Understanding the Link Between Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Health What Is Sarcopenia? Sarcopenia is a geriatric condition featuring the gradual degeneration of muscle mass and strength. The muscle-wasting syndrome is observed mainly in the aging population, affecting roughly 10-16% of older adults around the world. The literal meaning of “sarcopenia” is “flesh poverty” in Greek or “lack of flesh,” with “sarco” implying “flesh” and “penia” implying “poverty.” The acceleration of muscle fiber loss can induce muscle weakness in seniors, diminishing their mobility and balance. A senior with sarcopenia may struggle to handle routine activities requiring muscle use throughout the day, such as walking up stairs, lifting heavy objects, and getting out of a chair. Other early signs of sarcopenia include gradual physical weakness, muscle shrinkage, loss of stamina, unintentional weight loss, poor balance, and slow walking. The teardown of muscle can interfere with seniors’ quality of life because they are exposed to heightened risks of falls, frailty, disability, and other health complications. Over time, seniors may lose their ability to lead independent lives, resulting in increased needs for long-term care. In some cases, sarcopenia can shorten life expectancy.   What Causes Sarcopenia? The irreversible aging process has a pivotal role in the development of sarcopenia. It is common for adults to involuntarily shed muscle mass by 30, with the rate coming to around 3-8 percent per decade. It indicates that at 80, older adults have lost roughly 40 percent of muscle mass. However, not all seniors have muscle loss in old age. That’s when other factors are put into the debate. Scientists have suggested that a sedentary lifestyle may be another contributor to sarcopenia. Again, such speculation is not fully convincing because sarcopenia is still diagnosed in people who are frequently active. Although the exact cause is unclear and may vary from person to person, other possible causes of the condition can be the following: Hormone imbalances or deficiencies may lead to sarcopenia. Aging can hinder the production of hormones, essential chemicals that fuel various functions within the body. For example, menopausal women are at risk of muscle loss due to lower concentrations of estrogen. Similarly, poor levels of human growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1) are linked with sarcopenia in older adults. The nervous system fails to signal the muscles to contract. Scientists have identified an intricate connection between the nervous system and age-related muscle atrophy. With aging, the nervous system may lose efficiency in transmitting signals due to fewer nerve cells. In the case of sarcopenia, reduced motor neurons and changes in nerve function may disrupt the communication between the brain and muscles, potentially leading to muscle weakness. Lack of protein and calories required for sustaining muscle mass. The older seniors become, the more likely they are to lack nutrition. Poor diet can be the precondition for sarcopenia in older adults. Not eating enough calories, proteins, and other nutrients may affect muscles in the long term, as protein is vital for preserving muscle mass. Moreover, seniors may encounter issues with turning proteins into energy, explaining why their muscles shrink at older ages.   Sarcopenia and Heart Problems: What Is The Connection? Can sarcopenia trigger heart problems? Scientists have speculated that there may be connections between the pathologic condition and heart problems. Sarcopenia was found to be common among people with heart failure. In a study that covered 200 senior heart failure patients of an average age of 70, the prevalence of sarcopenia was high, coming to around 19.5 percent. It also reported that sarcopenia was observed in 19.7 percent of patients with preserved ejection fraction. Doctors also use sarcopenia symptoms to detect the risk of heart problems. Although the scientific explanation for their coexistence is still not developed, it is believed that sarcopenia may be linked to a greater risk of heart problems via various pathogenetic pathways, such as tremendous changes arising from old age. They may be linked in one way or another, and the interaction is rather complicated. Some potential connections between sarcopenia and heart problems may include: Sedentary Lifestyle and Inactivity: Exercise is a vital step toward a robust heart by strengthening heart muscles and encouraging blood flow. However, when a person has sarcopenia, their physical ability is diminished, as mentioned earlier. So engaging in physical activity is unlikely. Prolonged inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle are well-known risk factors for obesity, hypertension, and metabolic syndromes. These conditions can adversely heart health in the long run. Chronic Inflammation: When a person is dealing with sarcopenia, their body is under the influence of chronic low-grade inflammation. Such inflammation is known to speed up the breakdown of muscle mass and protein. However, inflammation has been pointed out as the culprit for many heart diseases. It promotes the accumulation of plaques within the arteries (atherosclerosis), leading to greater risks of strokes and heart attacks. Changes in Metabolic Systems: Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with insulin resistance, especially in sarcopenic obesity. Insulin resistance is metabolic syndrome that contributes to heart problems by triggering high blood pressure, abnormal lipid levels, and high blood sugar. It was revealed that sarcopenia patients also undergo disruptions in glucose

In diabetes management, timing is everything. When blood sugar levels surge, immediate action can be a matter of life and death. This article explores strategies for how to reduce blood sugar levels immediately. These techniques can help you in those critical moments to swiftly regain control and protect your health.   Quick and Natural Remedies to Lower Blood Sugar You Need to Know What Happens When Your Blood Sugar Is Too High? High blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, is a dangerous condition for those with diabetes. When blood sugar levels are elevated, a cascade of detrimental processes ensues, posing a threat to one’s health and wreaking havoc on various parts of the body, including: Eyes Nerves Kidneys Blood vessels   The consequences are not to be underestimated, as they can lead to permanent damage and life-altering complications. The eyes are vulnerable to damage in the form of diabetic retinopathy, a condition characterized by damaged blood vessels that can ultimately result in blindness. The damage inflicted on nerves, known as diabetic neuropathy, leads to tingling, pain, and loss of sensation, often in the extremities, which can lead to ulcers. The kidneys, tasked with filtering blood, can succumb to diabetic nephropathy, which may lead to kidney failure and the need for dialysis or transplantation. High blood sugar also accelerates the process of atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular complications.   What Are The Symptoms Of High Blood Sugar? Recognizing the symptoms of high blood sugar is paramount in managing diabetes. These symptoms serve as red flags that something is amiss within your body. The manifestations of high blood sugar can vary from person to person, but common symptoms include: Excessive Thirst (Polydipsia): High blood sugar levels cause dehydration, prompting an unquenchable thirst. Frequent Urination (Polyuria): The body eliminates excess glucose through increased urination. Fatigue: Cells struggle to utilize glucose for energy, leading to persistent fatigue and weakness. Blurred Vision: High blood sugar can affect the eye’s ability to focus. Dry Mouth: Dehydration due to excessive urination can result in a dry mouth. Increased Hunger (Polyphagia): Despite high blood sugar, the body’s cells are starved of the energy they need. Weight Loss: Loss of calories through frequent urination and inability to utilize glucose for energy can lead to unintended weight loss. Slow Wound Healing: High blood sugar hinders the body’s ability to repair and regenerate tissues. Recurrent Infections: A compromised immune system due to elevated glucose levels can lead to frequent infections, especially in the urinary tract. Irritability: Blood sugar fluctuations can lead to mood swings and irritability.   Why Is Your Blood Sugar High In The Morning? The phenomenon of elevated blood sugar levels in the morning, often called the “dawn phenomenon,” is not exclusive to individuals with diabetes. In the early morning, hormones, including cortisol and growth hormone, signal the liver to boost glucose production. This surge in glucose provides the body with the energy it needs to wake up and prepare for the day ahead. For individuals without diabetes, this process is harmless. The body promptly responds by releasing insulin, which assists in regulating blood sugar levels and maintaining stability. However, for those with diabetes, this delicate balance is disrupted. The bodies do not respond to insulin similarly, and the fasting blood sugar reading can rise in the morning, even if they adhere to a strict diet. Therefore, the dawn phenomenon can be particularly frustrating for individuals with diabetes. Despite diligently managing their blood sugar levels throughout the day, they may wake up to find their readings higher than expected. If you have diabetes, equipping yourself with strategies for how to reduce blood sugar levels immediately is vital.   How Long Does Blood Sugar Stay Elevated After Eating? Blood sugar levels rise in response to food consumption, and in healthy individuals, insulin promptly returns blood sugar levels to their pre-meal state. This process usually takes around 2 hours post-meal (postprandial glucose). However, in untreated diabetes patients, the return of blood sugar levels to their pre-meal state does not occur naturally. Therefore, proper management of post-meal blood sugar levels is critical for individuals with diabetes. Continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pumps can provide precise control and help manage post-meal fluctuations. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends a target of: Below 180 mg/dL 1 to 2 hours after eating for individuals with diabetes Below 140 mg/dL 1 to 2 hours after eating for individuals without diabetes   When Is The Best Time To Take Insulin? The timing of insulin administration plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy blood sugar levels. Generally, insulin should be taken in a manner that aligns with the onset of glucose entering the bloodstream after a meal. The best time to take insulin also depends on the type of insulin being used. For regular/short-acting insulin, take it 30 minutes before eating. This insulin timing ensures that the insulin is already active when glucose from the meal starts to enter the bloodstream, preventing post-meal blood sugar spikes. Long-acting insulin, on the other hand, provides a steady level of insulin throughout the day. It is typically administered once daily, often at the same time each day. For intermediate-acting insulin, it is generally administered twice daily, with one injection in the morning and one in the evening.   Rotating injection sites is vital to ensure consistent absorption. Ideal injection sites include areas with higher fat content, such as: Abdomen Front or side of the thighs Upper buttocks Upper arms   How Long Does It Take For Insulin To Work? Insulin Type Onset of Action Peak Effect Duration of Action Rapid-acting Insulin 15 minutes 1-2 hours 3-4 hours Short-acting Insulin 30 minutes 2-3 hours 3-6 hours Intermediate-acting Insulin 2-4 hours 4-12 hours 12-18 hours Long-acting Insulin 1-2 hours No distinct peak Up to 24 hours Ultra-long-acting Insulin 3-6 hours No distinct peak 36 hours or longer Other factors, including the injection site, individual metabolism, and other medications, can also influence the timing and effectiveness of insulin. Work

Struggling with the silent menace of fatty liver disease is an ordeal many individuals face, with concerns about its impact on their overall health and life expectancy. In this article, we delve into the relationship between fatty liver disease and life expectancy, exploring the stages of the condition, the critical role of lifestyle changes, and the factors that can influence how this disease affects the length and quality of one’s life. Discover the insights you and your loved ones need to navigate the challenges of fatty liver disease and safeguard your well-being.   Fatty Liver Disease Can Take Years Away From Your Life | What to Do When It’s Time to Act What is Fatty Liver Disease? Fatty liver disease, also known as hepatic steatosis, is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fat within the liver (more than 5-10% of liver weight). This fat buildup can interfere with normal liver function and lead to various health problems. Fatty liver disease is classified into 2 main types, which are defined by their root causes:   Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD) AFLD primarily results from excessive alcohol consumption. When alcohol is consumed, the liver works to break it down, but excessive intake can overwhelm its capacity. As a result, the liver accumulates fat due to the inefficient processing of alcohol. This condition can range from mild steatosis to more severe forms, such as alcoholic hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis, which can be life-threatening.   Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease is more commonly known as Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Still, it has been recently renamed to reflect the broader range of factors contributing to its development. NAFLD is linked to metabolic factors such as: Obesity Diabetes High blood pressure High cholesterol   The excess fat in the liver in NAFLD is not directly related to alcohol consumption. NAFLD is divided into various stages, with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) being the earliest and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) being a more advanced, inflammatory stage.   How Common is Fatty Liver Disease? Fatty liver disease, particularly NAFLD, is alarmingly prevalent: In the United States, NAFLD is one of the most common liver diseases, impacting 24% of adults. Globally, a 2023 research overview suggests that NAFLD’s prevalence ranges from 11.5% to 46% across the general population. NAFLD is closely linked to metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is present in around 80% of people with metabolic syndrome. One well-known risk factor for NAFLD is obesity. Up to 90% of people with severe obesity have NAFLD, and some even have cirrhosis. A subset of individuals with NAFLD develop into NASH. In the United States, it is estimated that NASH affects about 1.5% to 6.5% of adults.   These statistics underscore the urgent need for awareness and proactive measures to address this widespread health concern.   What Causes Fatty Liver Disease? Fatty liver disease arises from imbalances in the liver’s metabolic processes. The liver can accumulate fat under certain circumstances when it processes fat and glucose. In NAFLD, the exact cause is often a combination of factors: Insulin Resistance: One of the critical drivers of NAFLD is insulin resistance. When the body becomes resistant to insulin, it struggles to regulate glucose effectively, leading to fat storage in the liver. Obesity: Excess adipose tissue, especially around the abdomen, is linked to the development of fatty liver disease. Dietary Factors: A diet high in sugars, unhealthy fats, and processed foods can overload the liver with excess fat, contributing to NAFLD. Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can exacerbate obesity and insulin resistance, increasing the risk of fatty liver disease. Genetics: Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to NAFLD, making them more vulnerable even with lifestyle modifications.   In the case of AFLD, the cause is more straightforward – excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver, and heavy drinking can overwhelm the liver’s ability to process it, leading to the accumulation of fat.   Fatty Liver Disease Symptoms In its early stages, fatty liver disease is often asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not even be aware that they have the condition. This can make it a “silent” disease, as many people do not seek medical attention until it has progressed to a more severe stage. However, as the condition advances, it can lead to various symptoms, which may include: Fatigue: Many individuals with fatty liver disease report persistent fatigue and a feeling of overall weakness. Abdominal Discomfort: Some people experience discomfort or pain in the upper-right abdomen. Unexplained Weight Loss: In advanced cases, unexplained weight loss can occur. Jaundice: In severe cases, yellowing of the skin and eyes can develop. Swelling of the Abdomen and Legs: Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites) or the legs (edema) can occur with advanced liver disease. Enlarged Liver: The liver may become enlarged and tender to the touch. Mental Confusion: Cognitive difficulties may arise due to the liver’s inability to effectively filter toxins from the bloodstream.   How Serious is Fatty Liver Disease? In the case of NAFLD, advanced stages can result in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by liver inflammation. NASH can lead to severe liver damage and fibrosis, eventually progressing to cirrhosis, a condition where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue. Cirrhosis severely impairs liver function and can lead to life-threatening complications, including liver failure. In AFLD, excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alcoholic hepatitis, a condition marked by liver inflammation. If alcohol abuse continues, it can result in alcoholic cirrhosis, which has similar consequences to NASH-related cirrhosis. Fatty liver disease is also associated with an increased risk of other health problems. Excess fat in the liver is closely linked to: Insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes Cardiovascular issues, such as heart attacks and strokes   Stages of Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver disease progresses through 4 stages, each with varying degrees of liver damage and life expectancy implications:   Stage 1: Simple Fatty Liver (Steatosis)   This initial stage is often asymptomatic, and most people

Overview DHH-B in the pill form has appeared in drugstores and online stores as a viable supplement to heal a wealth of conditions. Scientists have discovered that the compound may provide a wealth of pharmaceutical and medicinal benefits for improving health and wellness. Many studies have learned that the potent compound is anxiolytic, making it a promising treatment for mood disorders and depressive symptoms in modern medicine. This is because it contains abundant anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and anti-cancer properties, paving the way for more advancements in treatments of chronic conditions. Keep scrolling to learn about the basics of DHH-B and why it is a better stress relief supplement than the rest.   Magnolia Bark Extract DHH-B Can Be Your Next Go-to Stress Relief Supplement What is DHH-B? Dihydrohonokiol-B, or DHH-B, is a prenylated phenolic compound extracted mostly from the bark of magnolia trees. The compound is a more concentrated derivative of honokiol (magnolia bark), with findings estimating that its effectiveness is more substantial than often-referred magnolia bark supplement by up to 20 times. As DHH-B can cross the blood-brain barrier, it delivers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to protect delicate neurons from oxidative stress, preventing the development of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.   A Brief Look Into Magnolia Tree Magnolia is a flowering plant recognized by many for their glossy green leaves and fragrant flowers in various colors, including ivory white, pale yellow, and light pink. The plant is indigenous to East and Southeast Asia, mainly China. Scientists have discovered that the plant’s close ancestors existed 60-100 million years ago, even before the evolution of pollen messengers: bees. In other words, prehistoric plants shared the same home with dinosaurs. More than a gardener’s favorite aromatic blooms, the magnolia tree has been a part of centuries-old Chinese and Japanese medicines due to its healing powers. Different tree parts, such as bark and flowers, have been used in medicinal applications. The bark of the magnolia tree is widely valued because it contains two powerful polyphenols that provide many health benefits: magnolol and honokiol. These micronutrients derived from the plant are proven effective in defending against UV radiation and microbial infection. Magnolia flowers and buds make delicious pickles and help alleviate headaches, allergies, and respiratory problems. Some even apply petals directly to heal inflamed gums.   DHH-B for Stress Relief: Understand The Magical Mechanism Stress, anxiety, and depression are health-bummer conditions numerous people face due to hectic lifestyles, environmental stressors, and other factors. While we can’t avoid stress completely, seeking remedies is a must. Adopting a healthy mindset, exercising, counseling, meditating, and practicing mindfulness are some tips to overcome stress. However, these might not work out for everyone. This has led people to rely on prescriptions when their stress levels are all over the place. However, some antidepressants are so sedative that they cause unpleasant side effects: drowsiness and motor impairments, making it difficult to remain conscious throughout the day. Addiction is another significant concern when overconsuming. Lifting the spirit is probably why many seek DHH-B on the counter to tame their anxious thoughts. Plenty of scientific studies have backed the powerful compound’s effectiveness when it comes to busting stress. It is generally safe, natural, and, most importantly, produces little to no aftereffects. What is the mechanism behind DHH-B? The all-natural compound helps lower anxiety and remove distressing thoughts in stressed people by boosting GABA activity. GABA, an abbreviation for gamma-aminobutyric acid, is a bioactive agent produced by the brain. In stress management, GABA has the ability to calm the nervous system, preventing the transmission of certain signals. Such an activity is highly beneficial for supporting mood and managing stress. The well-known neurotransmitter is also useful for reducing high blood pressure, improving sleep, and healing muscle spasms. Research discovered that 40 healthy premenopausal women aged between 20 and 50 experienced reduced short-term and temporary anxiety without adverse side effects when consuming 250 mg of magnolia and Relora bark 3 times a day. DHH-B also inhibits unhealthy levels of adrenaline and cortisol, two hormones released during flight or fight situations. While stress hormones motivate us to seek solutions, overflowing cortisol and adrenaline may wreak havoc on general health. A study investigating the effects of magnolia and Phellodendron barks found that people taking 500 mg of extract a day had significant cortisol drops, hence better overall mood. The consumption of DHH-B supplements helps reduce adrenal fatigue and promotes a greater sense of relaxation, calmness, vigilance, and alertness. Another reason why DHH-B has been booming in popularity is due to its ability to stave off oxidative stress. Within a few short years, more and more people are worrying about free radicals, with stress being one of the leading causes. These bad guys, though tiny, can cause a chain of destruction to physical and mental health when roaming free within the body. Free radicals or oxidative stress are directly tied to a slew of life-threatening health conditions, including heart disease, strokes, and cancer, aside from wrinkles and gray hair. By reducing stress and anxiety, DHH-B also gives a helping hand in the battle against the generation of free radicals in the long run. Since DHH-B is rich in antioxidants, it helps to neutralize free radicals and prevent further damage caused by oxidative stress.   Other Benefits of DHH-B DHH-B may aid in treating and preventing cancer because the compound can inhibit cellular division and neutralize the development of free radicals. DHH-B may support stroke post-recovery, improving memory and enhancing cognitive functions and performance. DHH-B may help prevent neural damage and promote the connections between nerve cells. DHH-B may strengthen the immune system and play a role in the oxidation process. DHH-B may help address and treat inflammation and chronic pain with a stronger immune system. DHH-B may prevent cognitive decline related to aging, making it more manageable to combat neurodegenerative diseases without a cure, like Alzheimer’s. DHH-B may improve sleep. Stress can cause poor sleep quality and insomnia. By cutting down stress, people may find

Inflammation, the silent assailant within us, tends to be ignored by many. This insidious process wreaks havoc on our bodies, often going unnoticed until it’s too late. Why is inflammation bad for the body? And how can running a blood test for inflammatory markers help us detect the problems right before they lead to something else? Read on to shed light on this pressing issue.   Understanding the Key Role of Inflammatory Marker Testing in Preventive Care Why is Inflammation Bad for the Body? Inflammation is your body’s natural response to injury or infection. While it’s a necessary defense mechanism, chronic inflammation can be disastrous. First and foremost, it strains vital organs, such as the heart and liver, leading to conditions like atherosclerosis and fatty liver disease. Inflammation also disrupts the immune system, making you susceptible to infections. It can also attack your joints, causing debilitating conditions like arthritis. If that’s not alarming enough, it’s a contributor to cancers, driving the growth of abnormal cells. Besides, inflammation of the nervous tissues (neuroinflammation) drives neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, accelerating brain cell damage. Inflammation accelerates aging (inflammaging), resulting in premature wrinkling and sagging skin. Moreover, chronic inflammation plays a role in obesity, as it interferes with the body’s ability to regulate insulin sensitivity, leading to weight gain and diabetes.   What Causes Inflammation in the Body? Yes, inflammation is a ticking time bomb, but what are the triggers? Understanding the causes of inflammation is paramount to safeguarding health. Diet: High intake of sugar, refined carbs, and trans fats fuels inflammation, contributing to obesity and other chronic diseases. Stress: Chronic stress releases hormones that promote inflammation, affecting overall health and mental well-being. Infections: Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections provoke acute inflammation, which can become chronic if not resolved. Environmental Toxins: Exposure to pollutants, pesticides, and heavy metals can trigger inflammation over time. Lack of Sleep: Sleep deprivation disrupts immune function, leading to chronic inflammation. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis cause the immune system to attack healthy tissues mistakenly. Unhealthy Lifestyle: Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are potent inflammatory agents. Lack of Exercise: Sedentary lifestyles promote inflammation and obesity. b Some individuals have genetic predispositions to inflammatory conditions.   What Are Inflammatory Markers in Blood Tests? In medical diagnosis, blood tests are invaluable for uncovering hidden health issues. Among the essential components of these tests are inflammatory markers, which provide critical insights into the body’s inflammatory processes. Two of the most commonly used inflammatory markers are:   C-reactive Protein (CRP) CRP is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. It’s released into the bloodstream, and its levels rise significantly during acute inflammatory episodes. CRP is a versatile inflammatory marker that helps assess various conditions, from infections and autoimmune diseases to cardiovascular disease risk. Elevated CRP levels can indicate an ongoing inflammatory process, making it a valuable tool for both diagnosis and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.   Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) ESR measures how quickly red blood cells (erythrocytes) sink to the bottom of a test tube over a specific time frame. During inflammation, some proteins in the blood cause red blood cells to clump together more readily, leading to elevated ESR levels. ESR is a nonspecific marker, meaning it does not pinpoint the exact cause of inflammation. It’s often used to diagnose infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers.   How Are Inflammatory Markers in Blood Measured? CRP Blood Test The CRP blood test is a straightforward procedure. A healthcare professional collects a blood sample from the patient, typically from a vein in the arm. This sample is then sent to a laboratory where highly accurate instruments measure the concentration of CRP in the blood. The CRP results are usually reported in milligrams per liter (mg/L).   ESR Blood Test The ESR blood test involves placing a blood sample into a narrow tube and measuring the rate at which red blood cells settle over a specific time, often one hour. The higher the sedimentation rate, the more likely inflammation is present. ESR is an indirect indicator of inflammation, requiring a laboratory setting for accurate measurement. The ESR results are usually reported in millimeters per hour (mm/hour).   What Are Inflammatory Markers in Blood Normal Levels? CRP Normal Range In most healthy adults, the normal range for CRP in blood is typically less than 3 mg/L. Slightly higher levels (3-10 mg/L) may be acceptable in individuals with underlying medical conditions, such as obesity or chronic low-grade inflammation. However, levels exceeding 10 mg/L indicate a significant inflammatory response.   ESR Normal Range ESR is age and gender-dependent, with the normal range typically being 0-15 mm/hour for males and 0-20 mm/hour for females. Minor elevations (20-30 mm/hour) may be acceptable in older adults. It’s important to note that ESR is a less specific marker compared to CRP, and slightly elevated levels can occur in various non-inflammatory conditions.   What Does It Mean When Your Inflammatory Markers Are Elevated? Elevated inflammatory markers signal an ongoing inflammatory process in the body. While they do not provide a specific diagnosis, they indicate potential underlying issues. Conditions associated with elevated CRP and ESR levels include: Infections: Bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections can cause a rapid increase in CRP and ESR levels as part of the body’s immune response. Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease often lead to chronically elevated inflammatory markers. Cardiovascular Disease: Elevated CRP levels are associated with an increased risk of heart disease, as inflammation plays a role in blood vessel damage. Cancer: Some cancers, especially those involving lymph nodes or bone marrow, can lead to elevated ESR levels. Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Chronic conditions like osteoarthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can lead to elevated ESR levels. Tissue Injury: Trauma or surgery can temporarily raise inflammatory markers. Obesity: Excess body fat can lead to chronic low-grade inflammation, resulting in elevated CRP levels. Stress: Chronic stress may contribute to elevated inflammatory markers through hormonal and immune system

Overview In the battle against COVID-19, the need for novel therapy has never been more urgent. While conventional treatments have shown promise, the quest for more potent solutions for severe and hospitalized cases continues. Enter plasmapheresis – a versatile medical technique that has long been used to tackle various conditions. Scientists are now turning their attention to its potential to save lives threatened by the deadly grip of COVID-19. Find out how plasmapheresis can build hope that may hold the key to curbing the threats and saving more lives.   Beyond Conventional Treatments: Plasmapheresis and Its Impact on Patient Survival What Is Plasmapheresis? Plasmapheresis is a medical marvel that helps in treating various complex conditions. It works by selectively removing the liquid portion of your blood, called plasma, which contains various substances like antibodies and proteins. The plasma is then replaced with a suitable substitute or fresh donated plasma before being returned to your body. This procedure is like cleansing your bloodstream thoroughly, targeting specific elements that may be causing health issues.   Why Do We Need Plasmapheresis? Plasmapheresis is a crucial treatment option for many conditions, especially those where traditional medications might not be sufficient. Some common conditions that can benefit from plasmapheresis include: Autoimmune Disorders: When your immune system turns against your body, causing diseases like myasthenia gravis, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis, plasmapheresis removes harmful antibodies to stop these autoimmune responses. Neurological Disorders: Conditions such as Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) can be managed with plasmapheresis to alleviate nerve damage and improve symptoms. Blood Disorders: Plasmapheresis helps control certain blood-related diseases like thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Transplant Rejections: Plasmapheresis is used to filter out antibodies that might attack the new organ to prevent organ rejection after transplantation Toxin Removal: Plasmapheresis can help eliminate harmful substances from the bloodstream in poisoning or drug overdose cases.   How Does Plasmapheresis Work? Understanding the plasmapheresis procedure is crucial for medical practitioners and patients alike. It involves aseptically drawing blood, selectively isolating plasma, and reintroducing filtered components to the patients. Connection: The procedure begins by inserting two intravenous catheters into the patient’s arm—one to draw blood from the body and the other to return. Separation: The patient’s blood enters a plasmapheresis machine, where it gets divided into its components. The plasma, along with the targeted elements, is separated and collected. Replacement: Depending on the treated condition, the collected plasma might be replaced with a suitable substitute or healthy donated plasma. Return: The filtered blood, with the replaced or discarded plasma, is then returned to the patient through the second intravenous catheter. Monitoring: Medical professionals closely monitor the patient’s vital signs throughout the procedure to ensure safety and efficiency.   Plasmapheresis Vs. Plasma Exchange Plasmapheresis and plasma exchange are terms often used interchangeably but represent distinct steps within a comprehensive procedure. Plasmapheresis extracts plasma from the patient’s blood, isolating it to remove harmful components and sometimes replacing it with fresh donated plasma or a suitable substitute. This process allows the targeted removal of disease-causing substances and helps manage blood-related diseases. Plasma exchange replaces the patient’s plasma with healthy donated plasma without drawing blood. In this scenario, the patient solely undergoes the plasma replacement step. This approach mitigates transplant rejections, which remove harmful antibodies that attack the transplanted organ.   Is Plasmapheresis the Same as Dialysis? Plasmapheresis and dialysis share the common principle of filtering harmful substances from the blood. Still, they are distinct procedures with different processes and indications. Plasmapheresis involves selectively removing the plasma from the blood, focusing on eliminating disease-causing elements like autoantibodies or toxins. Dialysis primarily targets the filtration of waste products and excess fluids from the blood, benefiting patients with impaired kidney function. It is used in chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury to balance electrolytes and fluid levels.   Plasmapheresis for Severe Viral Infections Premises COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to a high mortality rate worldwide. The severity of the disease is associated with an excessive release of inflammatory mediators like cytokines, causing respiratory distress and multi-organ failure. In severe cases, cytokine storms and T-cell lymphopenia are the leading causes of death: Cytokine storms are severe immune reactions when the body releases excessive inflammatory molecules called cytokines. These storms can lead to hyperinflammation, tissue damage, and organ failure. T-cell lymphopenia is the significant reduction in the number of T-cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in immune responses. T-cell lymphopenia weakens the body’s ability to combat infections and may contribute to severe immune-related conditions.   In this context, plasmapheresis was speculated to be capable of alleviating mortality caused by severe viral infections like COVID-19 by selectively removing pro-inflammatory factors and restoring immune responses.   Findings A clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of plasmapheresis on survival and cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19 patients. Hospitalized patients aged 16 to 65 diagnosed with COVID-19 and cytokine storm syndrome were selected to test on plasmapheresis or standard therapy. Among them, 20 received plasmapheresis and were compared against 40 on standard therapy. The design and details of the study are as follows: Exchange Plasma Volume 1.5 times the estimated circulating plasma volume based on Kapplan’s formula. Blood Flow Rate 75-150 ml/min. Replacement Solution 3% albumin at a flow rate of 100-1500 mL/h. Two fresh frozen plasma units were transfused after each session. Anticoagulation Unfractionated heparin at 30-40 IU/Kg/h. Session Frequency Two sessions were systematically performed 48 hours apart. Cytokine Determination Blood samples were collected before and after each session for cytokine analysis. Lung Damage Determination CT imaging was used to calculate the volume of lung damage before treatment and 10 days after the last session. Outcomes Primary: all-cause mortality within 60 days Secondary: mechanical ventilation-free (MV-free) days, decreased inflammatory markers, hospital length-of-stay The result was astonishing. Plasmapheresis reduced 60-day mortality (50% vs. 20%), pro-inflammatory mediators, and the volume of the affected lungs while increasing lymphocyte count. Also, it increased the patient survival rate

Overview At the center of the body, the heart carries out a series of steps and vital processes to ensure all body parts, organs, and tissues receive adequate nourishment with nutrient- and oxygen-rich blood through the circulatory system. While most people associate heart diseases and dysfunctions with big arteries, microvascular disease is a heart condition that flies under the radar for a long time due to subtle and vague symptoms. Learn about the basics of microvascular disease, including definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and prevention.   Microvascular Disease | What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, And Treatment What Is A Microvascular Disease? Microvascular disease, or small vessel disease, is a chronic heart condition characterized by abnormalities in the inner wall of tiny arteries. Other names for microvascular disease include nonobstructive coronary heart disease, cardiac X syndrome, and small vessel disease. Contrary to the common belief that all types of heart disease is the consequence of damage and malfunction of the largest vessels, such as the aorta and superior vena cava, such abnormalities can also occur in much smaller blood vessels (coronary microvasculature) stemming from the heart’s main arteries. Unlike regular heart-associated dysfunctions impeded by atherosclerosis, microvascular disease adversely affects blood flow when smaller blood vessels twitch uncontrollably. Despite approximating the size of the hair, blockages in coronary microvasculature can lead to disrupted blood flow and associated physical symptoms.   Causes of Microvascular Disease Based on dysfunctional muscle contraction of small vessels, many scientists estimate that diseases and risk factors affecting larger arteries have something to do with microvascular disease. They even believe that what causes plaque buildup may give rise to malfunctioning small vessels in one way or another. Although a great deal of research is still underway to determine the causes of microvascular disease, some possible factors contribute to its development include the following: Inflammation: Acute and chronic inflammation, like systemic lupus erythematosus, can damage the artery walls by stiffening the blood vessels, affecting their ability to contract and dilate properly. Lack of Nitric Oxide: Nitric oxide is a physiological compound that significantly contributes to arterial and vascular health by relaxing arteries, capillaries, and veins. As a vasodilator, the molecule ensures blood vessels are dilated enough for the blood to flow freely. Low nitric oxide can lead to endothelial dysfunction. This condition occurs when the inner wall of blood vessels becomes constricted, eventually diminishing blood circulation. Microvascular Spasms: Tiny blood vessels can experience spasms, much like larger coronary arteries. Twitching blood vessels can reduce blood circulation and lead to pressure and stabbing pain in the chest, known as angina. Changes in Microvascular Structure: The artery wall becoming thicker, stiffer, or narrower can all prevent small blood vessels from delivering an adequate supply of blood. Autoimmune Disease: Autoimmune conditions like scleroderma can make blood vessels more likely to spasm. Imbalanced Hormones: Decreased or imbalanced hormone levels can lead to malfunctioning blood vessels, especially in women going through menopause. Risk Factors: Much like other heart diseases, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, old age, diabetes, obesity, smoking, drinking, unhealthy diet, and inactive lifestyle can all increase the risk of coronary microvascular disease. Other risk factors include estrogen deficiency in women, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and insulin resistance. Genetic Factors: Some individuals with a family history of microvascular disease are at higher risk of developing the condition.   Symptoms of Microvascular Disease Many describe that the symptoms of microvascular disease in the heart are the same as traditional coronary artery disease (CAD). This means that most people with microvascular disease report experiencing symptoms like shortness of breath and tightened feelings in their chest. These symptoms can be upsetting and interfere with a person’s ability to lead a normal life, as they can appear when they hardly engage in physical activities, such as exercises and workouts. Some common symptoms of coronary microvascular disease are as follows: Chest Pain: Chest pain is a well-known symptom of microvascular disease, where a person experiences tightness, pressure, or heavy sensations in their chest for about 10 minutes or longer when they are not physically active. Discomfort in the Upper Body: When a person has coronary microvascular disease, they might experience pain, discomfort, numbness, or tingling in their arms, nape, neck, jaw, or back. Irregular Heartbeat: Rapid heartbeat, or heart palpitations, is one of the symptoms of microvascular disease. However, it’s often mistaken as a sign of anxiety. Short Breath: Although shortness of breath frequently occurs when a person is physically active, the symptom emerges even when at rest. Persistent Fatigue: Coronary microvascular disease can cause prolonged fatigue.   Diagnosis of Microvascular Disease Due to vague symptoms, detecting microvascular heart disease can be a challenge. Thus, there are no standard tests designed for diagnosing microvascular disease because most developed heart tests only aim to detect dysfunction in larger arteries. As chest pain is a relatively common symptom of many heart conditions, including small vessel disease, conventional tests may not help diagnose microvascular heart disease much, even if nothing’s wrong with the arteries. Regardless, meeting a cardiologist is necessary when you experience pressure in the chest and fatigue that doesn’t go away even after resting. They will perform a step-by-step examination and other measures to evaluate the current situation and rule out other causes to determine whether a person may have small vessel disease. Some steps vascular doctors may use during a diagnosis include: Conducting A Physical Examination: A comprehensive physical examination is crucial for assessing and identifying the underlying causes of the discomfort experienced. A family record of the microvascular disease may also help a vascular doctor assess your risk if any family member has been previously diagnosed with a similar disease. Assessing The Symptoms: The assessment of symptoms is pivotal in many diagnoses. It supports doctors in further proving their speculation following the prior examination. In a microvascular disease diagnosis, a cardiologist calculates the risk of small vessel disease by having deep observations into the frequency and severity of discomfort and pain experienced by the patient and whether